Iron Age Y-DNA from North Macedonia

Iron Age Y-DNA from North Macedonia

This dataset shows Iron Age Y-DNA samples from the territory of modern North Macedonia, based on data from Iosef Lazaridis et al. (2022). Two outlier individuals are not included in the chart.

These populations were identified in Greek historical records as the Paeonians.

The haplogroups present in these samples reflect several different historical layers:

• G2, C1, and J2a-Z6055 derive from Neolithic populations.

• R1b reflects ancestry connected with Yamnaya culture expansions.

• E1b-V13 is associated with Thracian-related expansions from the Carpathian region around 1000 BCE.

Based on the current data, the Paeonians were unlikely to have been closely related to the Illyrians, since the characteristic J2b-L283 haplogroup, commonly associated with Illyrian populations, is absent.

Instead, they may have been closer to populations such as the Phrygians and the Ancient Macedonians. A connection with the Thracians is also possible, though somewhat less likely.

An older and now obsolete theory proposed a Paei → Hai sound shift as evidence for a migration of Proto-Armenians from the Balkans. However, this interpretation is no longer supported by current historical and genetic evidence.

Nevertheless, Armenians and Paeonians remain related in a broader sense, both as members of the Indo-European languages, and through shared Neolithic ancestry reflected in the genetic record.

See also

• Mycenaean Greek Y DNA from continental part of Greece and a Minoan Y DNA from Crete

Mycenaean Greek Y DNA from continental part of Greece and a Minoan Y DNA from Crete

Mycenaean Greek Y DNA from continental part of Greece and a Minoan Y DNA from Crete. Sources are Lazaridis 2022 and Skourtanioti 2023.

J2b in Mycenaean is from Steppe in most likelihood. It is the J2b2a1-L283 popular in ancient Illyrians.

J2a in Mycenaean is mostly J2-Z6064 a Neolithic era lineage. While the J2a in Minoans has a different composition. Large majority of Minoan Y DNA are new migrants from regions close to Taurus mountains and probably more eastern regions in highlands.

See also

• Paeonians Y DNA from ancient North Macedonia

In just 10 years of paleogenetic research Europeans recovered the genetic history of their continent

In just 10 years of paleogenetic research Europeans recovered the genetic history of their continent. Off course this became possible because of decades of intense archaeologic studies.

The last paper from Posth et al. 2023 about Paleolithic Europe give answers to numerous questions. Let's hope we will have a similar paper about West Asia also.

Humans settled in Europe 45.000 years ago. The genetic history is divided in two major periods. Before the LGM and after. ~20.000ybp. The same by the way is true about most Eurasia (Armenia included) Only the warmest regions were not affected by the last Glacial period.

The first settlers of Europe had the Y DNA C1. Then haplogroup I appear with Gravettian culture 35.000 years ago. Given that hg I has common origin with haplogroup J it's quite possible that it entered Europe via Caucasus although a migration via Anatolia is also possible.

Before the LGM the hg I was not popular, but things change after LGM. 20.000 ybp a new culture forms in Europe known as Epigravettian and it has strong association with WHG and I2. So, the homeland of WHG and I2 is the Balkans. WHG stands for Western European Hunter Gatherers. While in East Europe a different group formed known as EHG associated with R1.

EHG and associated with it subjects like ANE, CHG and Iran and Armenian Neolithic deserves a special thread.

Here I will continue about the WHG which became the predominant population in all Europe before the arrival of farmers.

8500 years ago, farmers (mostly G2) enter Europe from Anatolia and local European WHG populations decline substantially. But sometime after there is a strong resurgence of I2 and a moderate increase of WHG which never increase over 20-30% in Europe. Today highest affinity to WHG is found in Northest Europe. WHG had an unusual phenotype. Rather dark skin and blue eyes while EHG had more light skin and dark eyes.

Modern Armenians don't have WHG. But do have Y DNA I2 (3-3.5%). The I2a2b branch, old name is I2c2. The oldest cases of I2a2b are found in Europe. We now know that this branch came to Armenia 4500 years ago with Steppe pastoralist groups from North of Caucasus who also introduced R1b-Z2103. It was a probably a minor lineage in those groups but expanded a lot with Trialeti Vanadzor culture. Practically all modern cases of I2a2b are from Trialeti Vanadzor Culture. Even if they live in Europe.

We don't know what languages were speaking the WHG foragers in Paleolithic. Some believe that Basque is a WHG language. Some think that nobody speaks their language. In any case Neolithic Europe almost certainly had languages of Anatolian origin. And Etruscan (Tyrsenian family) is a good candidate of being an Anatolian farmers language.

Whatever languages they were speaking the current distribution of I2 and I1 in the world reflects mostly Indo-European migrations and massive founder effects. The current young I2a1 branch in Balkans is related to Slavic people. The I1 and some I2 are related to Proto-Germanic people while the I2a2b in West Asia is an Armenic lineage. (Map 2)

See also

• There is some big data that is accumulating about the Upper Paleolithic period in Caucasus and Europe