According to the link below this coin was minted by the satrap of Armenia Orontes ( Eruand ) who is mentioned in the Xenophon's Anabasis.

 According to the link below this coin was minted by the satrap of Armenia Orontes ( Eruand ) who is mentioned in the Xenophon's Anabasis. He was "exiled" to Mysia where he minted this coins. Later he managed to return back to Armenia after organizing a rebellion against the Achaemenid king. The Pergamon inscription mentions him as son of Artašir. We have a thread about this inscription in this group. Links can be found in the comments

The closest populations with G25 scaled to:

 The closest populations with G25 scaled to:

Romans who lived in republican Rome.

Myceneans. The 2nd and 3rd charts

Both of those populations have left written texts and no one doubt about their ethnicity. As we can see a simple comparison to modern populations is not a solid way to make judgements about the language of an ancient population.

It's only one argument. But they are many other arguments. Like the linguistic, the ancient texts, the archaeology, the comparison to the preceding population, the overall common sense and finally the uniparental markers especially the Y DNA.

This is the main reason that most recent DNA papers do not rely anymore on this type of argument. Lazaridis proposed the theory, and many scholars like Anthony now agree that Lchashen Metsamor culture which is known in Urartian texts as Etiuni land was Armenian. Their proposal is based on many lines of arguments. Not just one. And in this group we were discussing this possibility years before Lazaridis proposed it in 2022. Now we have a nice situation when the data from various fields coalesce to the same conclusion.

I understand that some people could have doubts and are not happy with this conclusions. Most probably they have their own pet theory. They are welcomed to present their own vision of the situation. This group do not forbid alternative theories.

But if an alternative theory starts from a denial of Etiuni, it's definitely do not increase the credibility of an alternative theory. One can say that Etiuni was an extinct Armenian dialect. That is possible. But saying that it is not Armenian while another group having the same admixture elsewhere is Armenian is irrational. They were different Armenian groups in ancient Armenia. All them stemming from Middle Bronze Age developments. And Etiuni is one of those groups. One of largest. Someone who claims that Biainili is Armenian ( which by the way is possible ) but Etiuni is not Armenian, this person needs to explain where he place the deep sources of Armenic languages. Otherwise it's a sort of creationism where Armenian emerges only with Biainili-Urartu and was in an unknown place before that. Not only there is a need to be specific about the deep past but also how he connects Armenian with other IE languages. This is the real way of defending an alternative theory not denying Etiuni

Koban culture 1200-400BC

 Koban culture 1200-400BC

This data was already published in a Russian paper, now it is corrected and translated in English.

Judging by their autosomes the Koban people were migrants from south. In most likelihood from western parts of southern Caucasus. Their Y dna G2a1 also supports that idea. Other Y dna found there is the R1b almost certainly a remnant from earlier periods.

Koban culture also had steppe rich people. One of them was from north Balkans. The authors think that it was a Scythian but I have a feeling that with more sampling we will find other possible candidates. In any case sometimes after 600BC the area was gradually conquered by Scythians and few centuries later by Sarmatians and a new Iranic people formed there. The Alanians.

Klin-Yar III:ID355 Lib2al Female 0.286153

Zayukovo-3:ID72 Lib7al Male 0.042127 G2a1a1a1b1

Zayukovo-3:ID79/1 Lib8al Male 0.449777

Zayukovo-3:ID80 Lib9al Male 0.016644 G2a1a1a

Zayukovo-3:ID82/1 Lib11al Male 0.017636 R1b1a1b

Bratskiye 1-ye Kurgany:ID1402 Lib40al Female 0.338059

Chalcolithic period cultures.

 Chalcolithic period cultures.

Chaff faced ware (4300-3500bc) was stretched from Cilicia to Caspian sea. This cultural horizon is the common denominator of Minoan Y dna and Maykop Y dna. Their common ancestor.

One group moved to north from South Caucasus were a variant of this culture is known as Leila tepe. In the north they participated to the formation of Maykop culture. While another group moved to Crete and Greek islands..From Aintab-Urfa region. It's also possible that CFW related groups moved to Central Asia.

This is the reason why we have similar haplotypes in both places. T1a3 and L2 both in Maykop and Greece. With more sampling from Maykop we will find more common haplotypes.

We have some aDNA from CFW period. It's Areni from Armenia and Azerbaijan LC. Both can be used for the modeling of Maykop in qpadm. See qpadm models in the comments.

As for Sioni-Adablur culture (5300-4300/4000bc) they were a different group who were adding grit to the pottery. We don't have ancient DNA from that period and sites.

From Sagona's book