Greece DNA by periods.

 Greece DNA by periods.

Neolithic is the same as in all Europe and Anatolia.

There is no Chalcolithic period in Greek classification. That period is labeled as Final Neolithic.

Then comes EBA with an eastern shift. More pronounced in Cycladic islands. Minoans from Crete are similar to this EBA period. Minoans do not have Steppe ancestry ( except one site with low coverage samples which is doubtful ) The most frequent Y dna is the J2-M319.

In MBA there is strong increase of Steppe ancestry. In Koptekin's dissertation there were samples from MBA period Theopetra , Sarakinos. (third image) Both showed high level of Steppe ancestry. And Y dna I2-L701.in most likelihood the P78 branch which was also found near Izmir MBA.

In LBA which is also known as Mycenaean Greek period there is a dilution of Steppe ancestry. R1b-M269 was found in this period. This pattern of dilution is similar to what happened in modern RoA in Iron Age.

I leave the interpretations to You.

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Distance from Armenia Neolithic average based on two samples

 Distance from Armenia Neolithic average based on two samples. The first map dmax=0.3 the second map dmax=0.15

Also a PCA with Neolithic samples around historic Armenia. As You can see Nemrik from North Iraq is in the middle of Anatolia/Levant farmers and Iran /Zagros Neolithic. Armenian Neolithic would be on top of Nemrik. That is the reason we use the term Central farmers who plot in the middle of Eastern and Western farmers. Hajji Firuz Chl from NW Iran is also related to this group.

PS You can see an affinity between modern Italians and Arm_Neolithic. That occured mostly in post Neolithic period. Occasionally in commercial DNA testing sites Armenians score false Italian ancestry. It is due to this affinity.

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North Iraq/Mesopotamia farmers and Natufians.

 North Iraq/Mesopotamia farmers and Natufians.

The first belong to a group that we can label Central farmers while the second is the pre-Neolithic ancestry of Levant.[Western farmers]

Azerbaijan_LN and Armenian Neolithic also are part of Central farmer group but a more northern variants of it. With some substructure within them. I don't have a good quality image of their distances. But the highest would be Armenians for some of them.

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Hasanlu_LBA_A singleton is almost certainly an Indo-Iranian person affiliated to Mitanni Aryans

Hasanlu_LBA_A singleton is almost certainly an Indo-Iranian person affiliated to Mitanni Aryans. He is dated at 1354BC. It's Y dna is uploaded to Yfull. (https://www.yfull.com/tree/J-ZS6592/)

Its main peculiarity is the high level of Iran Neolithic and Steppe ancestry.

His J1 Y dna branch was found in Turkmenistan Neolithic farmers. Also in Turkmenistan BMAC, Gonur tepe. It was also found in early Saka Scythian samples which leave little doubt that this was a BMAC lineage incorporated into Indo-Iranians.

Another sample with unusually high Iran Neo is the Alalakh outlier. A woman who without doubt had a Central Asian origin. I just put her next to Turkmenistan LBA sample from Parkhai to compare them.

Another group with high Iran Neo is the Dinkha tepe B cluster. I don't think they were Aryans but rather local Iranian non-IE plateau people who started to migrate to west during the Bronze Age. Like Turukkeans and Kassites. I had a thread about them. See below for the link.

In sum we see more evidence that the migration of Mitanni Aryans was a real event that occurred in Bronze Age starting from 1700bc. They moved via North Iran from Central Asia and not via Caucasus like some scholars were suggesting.

See also

• The origins of Grey ware culture in Iran

Samples from ancient Batman are quite close to Xenophon's route both by time and space.

 Samples from ancient Batman are quite close to Xenophon's route both by time and space. Yet they didn't get the attention they deserve.

Batman samples can be divided into three group. Chalcolithic era. Then an Iron Age period between 640-550bc which in this context would be more correctly labeled as Urartian/Shubria/Assyria, Medes, Armenian Satrapy. And then there is a singleton sample of obvious southern origin. Dated at 430bc.

In Iron Age there is an obvious dilution of Mesopotamian ancestry and an increase of CHG/Steppe. Here we see the inverse to what was happening in RoA. Though it is hard to say whether this change occured in Iron Age or earlier in Bronze Age.

Those 4 Iron Age samples (the youngest excluded) are close to Urfa Armenians. But they are not exactly identic. Urfa Armenians have less Levant/Iran ancestry than those ancient Batman samples.

Xenophon mention that the river Centrites ( modern Botan ) was the border between Armenians and Carduchoi. Batman is close to that river. So here we see the type of population that Xenophon encountered while crossing the river.

Assuming that Carduchoi were close to ancient Batman samples then this seriously reduce the chances of their Iranian origin. Though given the proximity of Zagros it is still possible that further east of Batman there were other people. Further sampling is needed for solving this question.

And finally the youngest sample I4733 from Batman has a strong Levantine shift (see the third chart). It's Y dna is J1-L620 xP58 ( https://www.yfull.com/tree/J-FT33771/ ). Another Y dna found among regular Batman_Anc was the L2-L595. An Y dna that seems to be associated with Hurrians.

PS You can get the average of Batman Anc with the Levantine outlier excluded below in comments.

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