The exact branch of G2 found in a Middle Bronze Age kurgan at Atskuri near Akhaltsikhe is now identified as G2-Y258395.
Today, it is a minor branch found among Armenians, Turks, and Georgians. The parallel branch PH1780 is predominantly Georgian and Kartvelian, except for the subbranch PH311, which is more cosmopolitan. A slightly more distant parallel branch, L1264, is mainly found in the northwest Caucasus among Abkhaz–Adyghean speakers.
Given that the center of gravity of G2-Y258395 is located in what is now Turkey, it is reasonable to assume that the original ancestor of this branch likely lived somewhere between the Ardahan and Erzurum regions, rather than at Atskuri itself. Ancient samples from northeastern Turkey are needed to confirm this.
All three of these branches are part of the larger haplotype G2-L1266, which is around 7,800 years old. It is now reasonable to conclude that this haplotype was a Neolithic lineage that moved from the south—probably from the Upper Euphrates region—into the western and northwestern Caucasus during the Neolithic period, where it is abundant today. Another possible route, not yet fully ruled out, is a migration via Daghestan to the North Caucasus and the Maykop culture, followed by a backflow to the South Caucasus through the western Caucasus. However, this latter scenario is less likely than the first.
More information: G2-Y258395 YFull tree
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